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对新闻肖像照片的法律思考/潘志国

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对新闻肖像照片的法律思考

??兼议新闻媒介侵权的法律认定



山西中吕律师事务所  潘志国律师


引 子

近悉,某法院对一起因报社刊登某居民小区举办公共活动而拍摄的群众咨询照片被诉侵犯肖像权案作出一审判决。
在此,仅就该案引发出来的新闻肖像照片的相关法律问题作以思考,以求教同仁,引共鸣,促进早日立法。

论 题

结合该案双方争议焦点,笔者归纳六点展开讨论,欲求明法理辨是非。
1、报社刊登照片行为是否合法;2、该照片是否属于新闻肖像照片;3、报社使用照片是否属于合理使用;4、报社是否营利;5、肖像人是否存在损害事实;6、报社主观是否有过错。

目前我国法律关于肖像权的规定

1、我国《民法通则》第一百条规定:公民享有肖像权,未经本人同意,不得以营利为目的使用公民的肖像。
2、最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行<民法通则>若干问题的意见(试行)》第139规定:以营利为目的,未经公民同意利用其肖像做广告、商标、装饰橱窗等,应当认定为侵犯公民肖像权的行为。
3、散见于最高院其他司法解释关于肖像权的规定。
探求目前法律规定,可知:民法通则第一百条为授权性规定,意味着自然人享有该项权利。未经本人同意而使用其肖像,是侵犯肖像权的本质特征。未经本人同意和营利使用,也并非当然是侵犯肖像权的法律构成要件。
另外,探求《民法通则》第一百二十条,其规定了新闻侵权的归责原则,即过错责任原则。其侵权法律构成要件为:行为违法性、损害事实、因果关系、主观过错。

焦点之一:报社刊登照片行为是否合法

判断报社刊登照片行为合法与否,首先要从以下三方面进行评价:
1、报社刊登照片的载体是否为广告宣传品;2、报纸的专版、专刊是否与报纸整体发行;3、报社是否单独发售专版、专刊。
从目前我国法律和行政法规中,并不能直接找到其相应法律规范,其散见于新闻出版总署、国家工商行政管理总局关于报纸及报纸专版、专刊、广告宣传品的相关管理规定,即在经过新闻出版管理部门和工商行政管理部门的审批核准,报社就可以印发广告宣传品,可以单独发售及散发、赠送报纸专版、专刊。同时,其规定指出报纸的专版、专刊是报纸的一部分,报纸正常开版内的所有版页必须作为一个整体发行。
基于作为部门规章及其一般规范性文件的法律效力及层次,其并不能直接作为司法审判的法律渊源,除非其符合社会公共利益,并与法律、行政法规的原则、精神一致。否则,其仅是行政管理机关的行政执法和行政管理的依据,其体现的是对行业规范管理的要求。
故判断报社刊登照片行为合法与否,首先要考察和评价的是其出版发行行为的合法性,即报社是否领取了相应的合法出版许可证件、营业证明等;其次评价其行为是否符合新闻出版的办报方针、宗旨、舆论导向及出版管理条例的相关规定;最后对于其是否为广告宣传品、是否整体发行、是否单独发售等行为,则应综合判断,以确定其是否可以作为阻却合法性的法律事实和法律渊源。

焦点之二:该照片是否属于新闻肖像照片

肖像照片,具有专有性、财产性和永久性特征。判断是否属于新闻肖像照片,笔者认为应依赖以下五点综合认定:1、肖像照片再现的事物是否出于公共利益或与公共利益紧密相连;2、肖像照片再现的场所是否处于公共场所或不侵犯他人隐私利益等;3、肖像主体是否明示拒绝发表或传播;4、传播主旨是否出于正确的舆论导向或弘扬新闻之所需;5、符合新闻传?`要求。
符合以上五点,一般即认为构成新闻肖像照片,可不征求肖像人同意。


焦点之三:报社使用照片是否属于合理使用

新闻媒介上刊登的新闻肖像照片,如系作者抓拍,而这些照片本身又具有营利性质,是否就侵犯肖像人肖像权呢?从目前我国法律规定上,我们尚找不到这一方面的明确答案,究其原因,是因为民法通则未规定肖像合理使用的情况所致。
一般自然人参加公共活动,就有可能被新闻记者摄入镜头,这属于一般常识,所以群众参加公共活动的本身,应视为默许记者对其肖像进行报道。另外,公共活动本身体现的是国家和社会公共利益,因此,新闻媒介刊登这些肖像,尽管具有营利性质,但肖像人的利益应当服从国家和社会公共利益,故肖像人无权主张肖像权。
正是因为肖像的使用,不仅与自然人个人关系密切,同时还关系到国家和社会公共利益,故各国在肖像权法律保护制度中,都对自然人的肖像权进行了某些限制,当当事人的民事权益(个体利益)与舆论工具作用(社会公共利益)发生冲突时,考虑新闻传播活动非一般的民事行为及其特殊的职责性,应予保护公共利益,牺牲个体利益。
故在司法实践和理论界,一般认为,为了社会公共利益的需要而使用自然人肖像权,即使未经本人同意也阻却违法性,不构成侵权,即构成“肖像的合理使用”。
另外,要引起注意的是,合理使用应严格遵守三条规则:1、使用应确保肖像本身的真实与完整,不得破坏与毁损;2、使用不得采取侮辱、丑化等方式;3、使用必须遵循合理使用的目的、范围、方式、程度等。通过该规则以规范合理使用,确保新闻(新闻照片)真实、客观的特性。

焦点之四:报社是否营利
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中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)
国务院


(一九八0年十二月五日国务院常务会议通过)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强外汇管理,增加国家外汇收入,节约外汇支出,有利于促进国民经济的发展,并维护国家权益,特制定本条例。
一切外汇的收入和支出,各种外汇票证的发行和流通,以及外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出中华人民共和国国境,都应当遵守本条例的规定。
第二条 本条例所称外汇系指:
一、外国货币:包括钞票、铸币等;
二、外币有价证券:包括政府公债、国库券、公司债券、股票、息票等;
三、外币支付凭证:包括票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等;
四、其他外汇资金。
第三条 中华人民共和国对外汇实行由国家集中管理、统一经营的方针。
中华人民共和国管理外汇的机关为国家外汇管理总局及其分局。
中华人民共和国经营外汇业务的专业银行为中国银行。非经国家外汇管理总局批准,其他任何金融机构都不得经营外汇业务。
第四条 在中华人民共和国境内,除法律、法令和本条例另有规定者外,一切中外机构或者个人的外汇收入,都必须卖给中国银行,所需外汇由中国银行按照国家批准的计划或者有关规定卖给。
在中华人民共和国境内,禁止外币流通、使用、质押,禁止私自买卖外汇,禁止以任何形式进行套汇、逃汇。

第二章 对国家单位和集体经济组织的外汇管理
第五条 中国境内的机关、部队、团体、学校,国营企业、事业单位,城乡集体经济组织(以下统称境内机构)的外汇收入和支出,都实行计划管理。
国家允许境内机构按照规定持有留成外汇。
第六条 境内机构除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得私自保存外汇,不得将外汇存放境外,不得以外汇收入抵作外汇支出,不得借用、调用国家驻外机构以及设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位的外汇。
第七条 境内机构非经国务院批准,不得在国内外发行具有外汇价值的有价证券。
第八条 境内机构接受外国或者港澳等地区的银行、企业的贷款,必须分别由国务院主管部门或者省、市、自治区人民政府汇总,编制年度贷款计划,经国家外汇管理总局和外国投资管理委员会核报国务院批准。
贷款审批办法,另行规定。
第九条 境内机构的留成外汇,非贸易和补偿贸易项下先收后付的备付外汇,贷入的自由外汇,以及经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准持有的其他外汇,都必须在中国银行开立外汇存款帐户或者外汇额度帐户,按照规定的范围使用,并受中国银行监督。
第十条 境内机构进出口贷物,经办银行应当凭海关查验后的进出口许可证,或者凭进出口货物报关单,检查其外汇收支。
第十一条 国家驻外机构必须按照国家批准的计划使用外汇。
设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位从事经营所得的利润,除按照国家批准的计划可以留存当地营运者外,都必须按期调回,卖给中国银行。
一切驻外机构不得自行为境内机构保存外汇。
第十二条 临时派往外国和港澳等地区的代表团、工作组,必须分别按照各该专项计划使用外汇。公毕回国,必须将剩余的外汇及时调回,经核销后卖给中国银行。
前款代表团、工作组及其成员,从事各项业务活动所得外汇,必须及时调回;除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得存放境外。

第三章 对个人的外汇管理
第十三条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,由外国和港澳等地区汇入的外汇,除国家允许留存的部分外,必须卖给中国银行。
第十四条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,存放在中国境内的外汇,允许个人持有。
前款外汇,不得私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境;如需出售,必须卖给中国银行,同时允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十五条 居住在中国境内的中国人在中华人民共和国成立前、华侨在回国定居前、港澳同胞在回乡定居前,存放在外国或者港澳等地区的外汇,调回境内的,允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十六条 派赴外国或者港澳等地区的工作人员、学习人员公毕返回,如汇入或者携入属于个人所有的外汇,允许全部留存。
第十七条 本条例第十三、十四、十五条规定的允许个人留存的外汇,其留存比例,另行规定。
本条例第十三、十四、十五、十六条规定的允许个人留存的外汇,必须存入中国银行。此项外汇存款,可以卖给中国银行,可以通过中国银行汇出境外,也可以凭中国银行证明携出境外;但是,不得将存款凭证私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第十八条 来中国的外国人,短期回国的华侨、回乡的港澳同胞,应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员、职工,以及外籍留学生、实习生等,由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇,可以自行保存,可以卖给或者存入中国银行,也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,如需购买外汇汇出或者携出境外,可以向当地外汇管理分局申请,经批准后,由中国银行卖给。
应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员和职工,汇出或者携出外汇,由中国银行按照合同、协议的规定办理。

第四章 对外国驻华机构及其人员的外汇管理
第二十条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构、商务机构,驻华的国际组织机构和民间机构,外交官,领事官以及各该机构所属常驻人员,由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇,可以自行保存,可以卖给或者存入中国银行,也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第二十一条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构,收取中国公民以人民币交付的签证费、认证费,如要求兑成外汇,必须经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准。

第五章 对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业及其人员的外汇管理
第二十二条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的一切外汇收入,都必须存入中国银行;一切外汇支出,从其外汇存款帐户中支付。
前款企业必须定期向国家外汇管理总局或者分局填送外汇业务报表,国家外汇管理总局或者分局有权检查其外汇收支的活动情况。
第二十三条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业与中华人民共和国境内的企业或者个人之间的结算,除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局核准者外,都应当使用人民币。
第二十四条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的外国合营者依法纳税后的纯利润和其他正当收益,可以向中国银行申请从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
前款企业、外国合营者,如将外汇资本转移到中国境外,应当向国家外汇管理总局或者分局申请,从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
第二十五条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业中的外籍职工和港澳职工依法纳税后,汇出或者携出外汇,以不超过其本人工资等正当净收益的百分之五十为限。
第二十六条 依法停止营业的侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,在中国境内的未了债务、税务事项,应当在有关主管部门和国家外汇管理总局或者分局的共同监督下,负责按期清理。

第六章 对外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出国境的管理
第二十七条 携带外汇、贵金属、贵金属制品进入中国国境,数量不受限制;但是,必须向入境地海关申报。
携带或者复带外汇出境,海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
携带或者复带贵金属、贵金属制品出境,海关区别情况按照国家规定或者按照原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十八条 携带人民币旅行支票、旅行信用证等人民币外汇票证,入境时,海关凭申报单放行;出境时,海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人,持有境外的债券、股票、房地契,以及同处理境外债权、遗产、房地产和其他外汇资产有关的各种证书、契约,非经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第三十条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人所持有的人民币支票、汇票、存折、存单等人民币有价凭证,不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。

第七章 附 则
第三十一条 对违反本条例规定者,任何单位、个人都有权检举揭发。对检举揭发有功的单位、个人,给予奖励。对违法案件,由国家外汇管理总局、分局,或者由公安部门、工商行政管理部门、海关,按其情节轻重,强制实行收兑外汇,单处或者并处罚款、没收财物,或者由司法机
关依法惩处。
第三十二条 经济特区、边境贸易和边民往来的外汇管理办法,由有关省、市、自治区人民政府根据本条例规定结合当地具体情况制订,报国务院批准后施行。
第三十三条 本条例的施行细则,由国家外汇管理总局制定。
第三十四条 本条例自一九八一年三月一日起施行。(附英文)


Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

INTERIM REGULATIONS ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Promulgated by the State Council on December 18, 1980)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of strengthening foreign
exchange control, increasing national foreign exchange income and
economizing on foreign exchange expenditure so as to facilitate the
development of national economy and safeguard the rights and interests of
the country.
All foreign exchange income and expenditure, the issuance and circulation
of all kinds of payment instruments in foreign currency, and the carrying
of foreign exchange, precious metals and payment instruments in foreign
currency into and out of the territory of the People's Republic of China
shall be governed by these Regulations.
Article 2
Foreign exchange mentioned in these Regulations refers to:
a. foreign currencies, including banknotes, coins, etc.
b. securities in foreign currency, including government bonds, treasury
bills, corporate bonds and debentures, stocks, and interest coupons, etc.
c. instruments payable in foreign currency, including bills, drafts,
cheques, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.
d. other foreign exchange funds.
Article 3
The People's Republic of China pursues the policy of centralized control
and unified management of foreign exchange by the State.
The administrative agency of the People's Republic of China in charge of
foreign exchange control is the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control (SAFEC) and its branch offices.
The specialized bank of the People's Republic of China engaged in foreign
exchange business is the Bank of China. No other financial institution
shall engage in foreign exchange business, unless approved by the SAFEC.
Article 4
All Chinese and foreign organizations or individuals within the territory
of the People's Republic of China must, unless otherwise stipulated by
law, decrees and these Regulations, sell their foreign exchange to the
Bank of China. Any foreign exchange they required is to be sold to them by
the Bank of China in accordance with the plans approved by the State or
with relevant provisions.
The circulation, use and mortgage of foreign currency, the unauthorized
sales and purchases of foreign exchange, and the unlawful procurement of
foreign exchange or evasion of foreign exchange control by whatever means
are prohibited within the territory of the People's Republic of China.

Chapter II Foreign Exchange Control Relating to State Units and Collective Economic Organizations

Article 5
All the foreign exchange incomes and expenditures of State organs, units
of the armed forces, nongovernmental bodies, schools, State enterprises,
institutions and urban and rural collective economic organizations within
China's territory (hereinafter referred to as organizations within
territory) are all subject to planned control. Organizations within
territory are permitted to hold their retained foreign exchange in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 6
Unless approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, organizations within
territory shall not possess foreign exchange; deposit foreign exchange
abroad; offset foreign exchange expenditure against foreign exchange
income; or use the foreign exchange belonging to State organs stationed
abroad or enterprises and institutions established in foreign countries or
in the Hong Kong and Macao regions by the State, by way of borrowing or
acquisition.
Article 7
Unless approved by the State Council, organizations within territory shall
not issue securities with foreign exchange value inside or outside China.
Article 8
With regard to loans to be accepted by organizations within territory from
banks or enterprises in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao
regions, the relevant competent departments under the State Council or the
relevant people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall consolidate and
draw up overall annual plans for such loans which must be submitted to the
SAFEC and the Foreign Investment Control Commission for examination and
transmission to the State Council for approval.
The measures for examining and approving such loans shall be prescribed
separately.
Article 9
Any foreign exchange held by organizations within territory, including
their retained foreign exchange, non-trade foreign exchange and foreign
exchange under compensatory trade received in advance and reserved for
later payments, funds borrowed in convertible foreign currencies and other
foreign exchange held with the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices
must be placed in foreign currency deposit accounts or foreign currency
quota accounts to be opened with the Bank of China, and must be used
within the prescribed scope and be subject to the supervision of the Bank
of China.

Article 10
When organizations within territory import or export goods, the banks
handling the transactions shall check their foreign exchange receipts and
payments either against the import or export licenses duly verified by the
Customs or against the Customs declaration forms for imports or exports.
Article 11
State organs stationed abroad must use foreign exchange according to the
plan approved by the State.
The profits derived from their business operations by enterprises and
institutions established in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and
Macao regions, except for the portion kept there as working funds
according to the plan approved by the State, must be transferred back on
schedule and be sold to the Bank of China.
No organization stationed abroad is permitted to keep foreign exchange for
organizations within territory without authorization.
Article 12
Delegations and working groups sent temporarily to foreign countries or to
the Hong Kong and Macao regions must use foreign exchange according to
their respective specific plans, and must, upon completion of their
missions and return, promptly transfer back to China their surplus foreign
exchange to be checked by and sold to the Bank of China. Foreign exchange
earned in their various business activities by the delegations and working
groups mentioned in the preceding paragraph and by members thereof, must
be promptly transferred back to China and must not be kept abroad without
the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter III Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Individuals

Article 13
Foreign exchange remitted from foreign countries or from the Hong Kong and
Macao regions to Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing
in China must be sold to the Bank of China, except the portion retained as
permitted by the State.
Article 14
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China shall
be permitted to keep in their own possession foreign exchange already in
China.
The foreign exchange mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall not,
without authorization, be carried or sent out of China either by owners or
by others or by post. If the owners need to sell the foreign exchange,
they must sell it to the Bank of China and are permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 15
When the foreign exchange that has been kept in foreign countries or in
the Hong Kong and Macao regions by Chinese residing in China prior to the
founding of the People's Republic of China, by overseas Chinese prior to
their returning to and settling down in China, or by Hong Kong and Macao
compatriots prior to their returning to and settling down in their native
places, is transferred to China, the owners shall be permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 16
When the foreign exchange belonging personally to individuals sent to work
or study in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao regions is
remitted or brought back to China, the owners, upon the completion of
their missions and return, shall be permitted to retain the entire amount
of the foreign exchange.
Article 17
The percentages of foreign exchange retention permitted under Articles 13,
14, and 15 of these Regulations shall be prescribed separately.
Foreign exchange retained by individuals as permitted under Articles 13,
14, 15, and 16 of these Regulations must be deposited with the Bank of
China. These foreign exchange deposits may be sold to the Bank of China or
remitted out of China through the Bank of China, or taken out of China
against certification by the Bank of China. It is however not permitted,
without authorization, to carry or send deposit certificates out of China
either by holders or by others or by post.

Article 18
The foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries
or from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign nationals coming to
China, by overseas Chinese and Hong Kong and Macao compatriots returning
for a short stay, by foreign experts, technicians, staff members and
workers engaged to work in organizations within China, and by foreign
students and trainees, may be kept in their own possession, or sold to or
deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or taken out of China.
Article 19
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China may
apply to the local branch offices of the SAFEC for the purchase of foreign
exchange to be remitted or taken out of China. Upon approval of such
applications, the required foreign exchange shall be sold to the
applicants by the Bank of China.
When foreign experts, technicians, staff members and workers engaged to
work in organizations within territory are to remit or take out of China
their foreign exchange, the Bank of China shall handle the matter in
accordance with the stipulations as provided in the relevant contracts or
agreements.

Chapter IV Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Foreign Resident Representative Offices in China and Their Personnel

Article 20
Foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries or
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign diplomatic missions,
consular posts, commercial offices, offices of international organizations
and nongovernmental bodies resident office in China, foreign diplomatic
and consular officers as well as other resident staff members of the
aforesaid missions, posts and offices, may be kept in their own
possession, or sold to or deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or
taken out of China.
Article 21
The conversion into foreign currency, if required, of visa and
certification fees received in Renminbi from Chinese citizens by foreign
diplomatic missions and consular posts in China, is subject to approval by
the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter V Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Enterprises with Overseas Chinese Capital, Foreign-Capital Enterprises, and Chinese- Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Their Personnel

Article 22
All foreign exchange receipts of enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures must be deposited with the Bank of China, and all their foreign
exchange disbursements must be effected from their foreign exchange
deposit accounts.
The enterprises mentioned in the preceding paragraph must periodically
submit their statements of foreign exchange business to the SAFEC or its
branch offices, all of which are empowered to check on the movements of
the foreign exchange receipts and payments of these enterprises.
Article 23
Except where otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices,
Renminbi shall in all cases be used in the settlement of accounts between
enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises,
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures on the one hand and other
enterprises or individuals residing in the People's Republic of China on
the other hand.
Article 24
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
foreign joint venturers in Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures may apply
to the Bank of China for remitting abroad their net profits as well as
other legitimate earnings after taxation according to law, by debiting the
foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Where the enterprises and foreign joint ventures mentioned in the
preceding paragraph are to transfer foreign exchange capital abroad, they
shall apply to the SAFEC or its branch offices for the transfer by
debiting the foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises
concerned.
Article 25
An amount not exceeding 50% of their after-tax legitimate net earnings
from wages, etc. may be remitted or taken out of China in foreign
currency by staff members and workers of foreign nationality and those
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions employed by enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures.
Article 26
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures which wind up operations in
accordance with legal procedure, shall be responsible for the liquidation,
within the scheduled period, of their outstanding liabilities and taxes
due in China under the joint supervision of the relevant competent
departments and the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter VI Control Relating to Carrying Foreign Exchange, Precious Metals and Payment Instruments in Foreign Currency into and out of China

Article 27
No restriction as to the amount is imposed on the carrying into China of
foreign exchange, precious metals and objects made from them, but
declaration to the Customs is required at the place of entry.
To carry out of China foreign exchange or the foreign exchange previously
brought in shall be permitted by the Customs against certification by the
Bank of China or against the original declaration form filled out at the
time of entry.
To carry out of China precious metals and objects made from them or the
precious metals and objects made from them previously brought in shall be
permitted by the Customs according to the specific circumstances as
prescribed by State regulations or against the original declaration form
filled out at the time of entry.
Article 28
To bring into China Renminbi traveller's cheques, traveller's letters of
credit and other Renminbi payment instruments convertible into foreign
currency shall be permitted by the Customs against the declaration form
filled out at the Customs; and to take the same out of China shall be
permitted by the Customs against certification by the Bank of China or
against the original declaration form filled out at the time of entry.
Article 29
Unless otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, it is not
permitted to carry or send out of China by holders or by others or by post
such certificates and deeds held by Chinese residing in China as bonds,
debentures, share certificates issued abroad; title deeds for real estate
abroad; other documents or deeds involving the disposal of creditor's
right, inheritance, real estate or other foreign exchange assets abroad.
Article 30
The carrying or sending out of China of Renminbi instruments, such as
Renminbi cheques, drafts, passbooks and deposit certificates, held by
Chinese or foreign nationals or stateless persons residing in China, is
not permitted, either by holders or by others or by post.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 31
All units and individuals have the right to report any violation of these
Regulations. Rewards shall be given to such units or individuals
according to the merits of the report. Violators shall be penalized by the
SAFEC, its branch offices or by public security organs, or by
administrative departments of industry and commerce, or by the Customs. In
light of the seriousness of the offence, the penalties may take the form
of compulsory exchange of the foreign currency for Renminbi, or fine or
confiscation of the properties or both, or punishment by judicial organs
according to law.
Article 32
The exchange control measures for special economic zones, for frontier
trade and for personal dealings between inhabitants across the border
shall be formulated, in accordance with these Regulations, by the people's
governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government in the light of actual local
conditions, be submitted to the State Council for approval and be enforced
thereupon.
Article 33
Rules for the implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated by
the SAFEC.
Article 34
These Regulations shall enter into effect on March 1, 1981.



1980年12月18日

贵阳市殡葬管理办法

贵州省贵阳市人大常委会


贵阳市殡葬管理办法

(1995年9月1日贵阳市第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十三次会议通过 1995年11月28日贵州省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议批准 1995年12月15日公布施行 根据1998年12月25日贵阳市第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议通过 1999年5月 3O日贵州省第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第九次会议批准的《关于修改〈贵阳市殡葬管理办法〉的决定》修正 1999年6月16日公布施行)


第一章 总 则

第一条 为了推行殡葬改革,加强殡葬管理,节约资源,保护环境,树立厚养薄葬、文明节俭办丧事的社会风尚,促进社会主义精神文明和物质文明建设,根据国务院《殡葬管理条例》及有关法律、法规,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

第二条 本办法适用于在本市从事殡葬管理、殡葬服务的单位以及办理丧事的单位和个人。

第三条 贵阳市人民政府民政行政管理部门(以下简称市民政部门)负责本市殡葬管理工作。各区、县(市)民政部门,负责本辖区的殡葬管理工作。

市、县民政部门可在法定权限内委托符合条件的组织实施行政处罚。

公安、规划、城管、工商、价格、卫生、国土、林业绿化、环保、环卫、民族宗教事务等有关部门,应依据各自的职责,协同做好殡葬管理工作。

居民委员会、村民委员会和死者所在单位,应协助做好殡葬管理工作。

第四条 对违反本办法的行为,任何单位和个人都应劝阻、制止和举报。

维护和执行本办法成绩显著的单位和个人,各级人民政府和民政部门应当予以表彰和奖励。

第二章 火化管理

第五条 本市为实行火葬的区域。本市居(村)民和暂住人口死亡后,遗体均应实行火化。

边远乡镇、交通不便的村寨,由县级人民政府报市人民政府同意,经省人民政府批准后,可定为暂不实行火葬的区域。

第六条 回族人员死亡后,遗体可以不火化。自愿实行火化的,他人不得干涉。

第七条 在本市建设殡仪服务站、骨灰堂,由县级人民政府和市民政部门审批;建设殡仪馆、火葬场,由县级人民政府和市民政部门提出方案,报市人民政府审批。

建立殡仪服务站、骨灰堂、殡仪馆、火葬场,应符合城市总体规划,按照国家有关基本建设和工商行政管理规定办理手续。

殡仪服务站、骨灰堂、殡仪馆、火葬场向社会提供殡葬服务。

第八条 城镇正常死亡人员遗体火化,须凭死者户口所在地公安机关或卫生行政部门规定的医疗卫生机构出具的死亡证明。

农村正常死亡人员遗体火化,须凭死者所在村民委员会出具的证明。

非正常死亡人员遗体和无名尸体火化,须凭公安、检察、审判机关出具的证明。

第九条 本市实行火葬的区域内人员死亡后,死者亲属应在24小时内与殡仪馆或县级民政部门殡葬管理所联系接运遗体。殡仪馆、县级民政部门殡葬管理所接到死者亲属的通知,应安排专用车辆按约定时间接运遗体。

遗体运至殡仪馆后,禁止任何人以任何借口运出。

第十条 经卫生防疫部门确认患有甲类及其它严重传染性疾病的患者死亡,其所在单位和亲属不得举行遗体告别活动,由卫生防疫部门通知殡仪馆火化。

第十一条 正常死亡人员遗体移至殡仪馆后,应及时火化,存放时间一般不超过3日。

非正常死亡人员遗体因办案需要存放在殡仪馆的,存放时间一般不得超过30日。确需延期存放的,由办案单位持县级以上公安、检察、审判机关出具的证明,到殡仪馆办理延期手续。

第三章 公墓管理

第十二条 公墓是为社会提供安葬服务的公共设施。骨灰可以葬入公墓或送骨灰寄存场所寄存;也可以由死者亲属深埋、抛撒野外或自行存放。禁止乱埋乱葬、骨灰入棺土葬。

第十三条 建立公墓应符合城市总体规划,遵循节约用地的原则,选用荒山瘠地,不得占用耕地或林地。不得在风景名胜区和水资源保护区建立公墓。

第十四条 公益性墓地是为农村村民提供遗体或骨灰安葬服务的公共墓地。建立公益性墓地,由村民委员会提出申请,经乡级人民政府审核同意后,报县级人民政府民政部门审批,并依法办理有关建设、用地手续。

公益性墓地不得对村民以外的其他人员提供墓穴用地。

第十五条 建立公墓,经县级人民政府和市民政部门审核同意后,报省民政部门审批。

与外国人、港澳台人士合作、合资或利用外资建立公墓,须向市民政部门提出申请,经省民政部门审核同意后,报民政部审批。

申请者须持批准文件,向市规划、国土、工商等部门申请办理有关手续。

未经批准、未办理规划、土地、工商手续的,不得经营公墓。

第十六条 建立公墓的申请,应附有墓区位置、占地面积、墓区内的绿化面积、规划的墓穴数量,以及其他有关材料。

每一座骨灰墓占地不得超过1平方米;埋葬遗体的单人墓,占地不得超过4平方米,双人合葬墓,不得超过6平方米。

禁止倒卖墓穴和骨灰存放格位。

第十七条 公墓应视墓区范围,设置公墓管理机构或聘用专(兼)职管理人员,负责墓地的管理和维护。

第十八条 公墓的收费标准,由价格部门会同民政部门另行规定。

第四章 丧事管理

第十九条 办理丧事不得占用道路(含人行道)或公共场所搭设灵棚,不得抛撒纸钱或其他杂物,污染环境,影响市容。丧事活动不得有碍他人工作和生活。

禁止在办理丧事中搞封建迷信活动。

第二十条 信教群众为办理丧事举行的宗教活动,应在政府批准的宗教活动场所进行。

第二十一条 制造、销售、出租殡葬专用品的单位和个体工商户,应在规定的场所内从事经营活动。

禁止在本市实行火葬的区域内生产、销售棺木。

第五章 法律责任

第二十二条 违反本办法不在规定的时间内与殡仪馆、殡葬管理所联系接运遗体的,由民政部门按每逾期1日对死者亲属处以100元罚款。

殡仪馆、殡葬管理所不按与死者亲属约定的时间接运遗体,超过4小时的减收接运费的50%。

第二十三条 违反本办法进行土葬的,由民政部门责成死者亲属限期起尸火化。拒不改正的,可以强制执行,所需费用由责任人承担。

骨灰入棺土葬,参照前款执行。

第二十四条 占用耕地、林地或者在风景名胜区、水资源保护区建立公墓的,由民政部门会同土地行政管理部门予以取缔,责令其恢复土地原貌,没收违法所得,可以并处违法所得l倍以上3倍以下罚款。

第二十五条 未经批准,擅自兴建殡仪馆、火葬场、骨灰堂、公墓、殡仪服务站的,由民政部门会同建设、土地行政管理部门予以取缔,责令恢复土地原貌,没收违法所得,可以并处违法所得1倍以上3倍以下罚款。

第二十六条 墓穴占地面积超过规定标准的,由民政部门责令限期改正,没收公墓经营单位违法所得,可以并处违法所得1倍以上3倍以下罚款。

第二十七条 办理丧事时搞封建迷信活动、占用道路或公共场所搭设灵棚、污染环境、影响他人工作和生活的,由民政部门责令其改正;拒不改正的,由公安派出所依据法律、法规予以处罚。

送葬时沿途抛撒纸钱或其他杂物的,由环境卫生管理部门按有关规定处罚。

第二十八条 在本市实行火化的区域内生产、经营棺木,在规定的场所外经营殡葬专用品,倒卖墓穴、骨灰存放格位的,由工商行政管理部门依据有关法律、法规予以处罚。

第二十九条 干扰破坏殡葬管理工作,侮辱、殴打殡葬管理人员及其他执法人员的,由公安机关依据《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》予以处罚;情节严重构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第三十条 处以罚款,应给被处罚人出具罚款通知书,收到罚款应开具财政部门统一印制的收据。罚款上交同级财政。

第三十一条 殡葬管理人员和殡葬服务人员玩忽职守或利用职权刁难死者亲属、收受贿赂、徇私舞弊的,由所在单位或上级主管部门给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第三十二条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可依法申请复议或提起诉讼。逾期不申请复议,不起诉,又不执行处罚决定的,由作出处罚决定的机关申请人民法院强制执行。

第六章 附 则

第三十三条 华侨、港澳台同胞及外国人死亡,其亲属要求在本市安葬的,由市民政部门按有关规定办理。

第三十四条 本办法自公布之日起施行。1991年5月22日市人民政府发布的《贵阳市殡葬管理办法》同时废止。